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History
of Diabetes The history of diabetes dates back to a very early age, as it has been a disease that has plagued mankind throughout the centuries since the dawn of time. With little in the way of innovations throughout recorded time, diabetes has basically continued to be a problem for many who have been forced to live with the complications and problems associated with it uncured. In taking a look at the history, there are two such areas that are prevalent to current history; pre-insulin and post insulin era. A modern history of diabetes dates back to a period of time between the 1600's and 1921 (even though the pre-insulin era dates back to before recorded time). The post-insulin era is from 1921 until the present day. History of diabetes until 1921 Though little changed from the early centuries to 1921 in relation to a cure or a serious innovation, there were a handful of physicians who were able to determine some aspects of the disease. Peracelsus, a Swiss physician known for his work with mineral medicines, was able to determine that diabetes was a condition that was due to deposition of salt in the kidneys. One particular individual was Dr. Thomas Willis, a physician who revealed that diabetes was present through the taste of sweetness in urine. In 1869, Paul Langerhans (medical student from Germany) was able to discover a small cluster of cells in the pancreas. The function of these cells was unknown, though they would later be revealed to be the very cells that produce insulin (beta cells). They were later labeled the islets of Langerhans. 1889 brought another step towards the right direction. A German physiologist named Oskar Minkowski was able to determine through the study of a canine that if the connection between the pancreas and the intestine was cut, then the dog would not develop diabetes. This proved that the pancreas was important to the body for both digestive juices and aiding in regulating blood sugar. 1921 Onwards A momentous year for diabetes was 1921, when a young Canadian named Dr. Frederick Banting was able to wriggle his way into setting up a laboratory with an assistant named Charles Best at the University of Toronto. Using dogs to experiment, Banting discovered that by removing the pancreas, the dog's blood sugar increased, there was excessive thirst and urination, and the dog was left in a weakened position. Removing the pancreas from another dog, the cluster of cells was removed and given to another dog with diabetes, where there was a change in the state of the dog. This was the first recorded result of the discovery of insulin. Other discoveries in the history of diabetes In 1940 ,the pivotal years in diabetes research,researchers discovered a vital link between diabetes and long term health complications such as kidney and eye disease. In 1944, the syringe is created to inject insulin subcutaneously (externally). In 1955, oral medication is used to lower blood sugar levels. The first oral drugs to help lower blood glucose levels became available to patients. In 1959, a distinct difference is made between the two types of diabetes-Type 1, or insulin dependent, and type 2, or non-dependent. In 1970, the first insulin pump is used. Also, meters are developed to regulate glucose levels in the blood. In 1983, synthetic insulin is first produced. In 1986, the insulin pen is introduced to the market. In 1990, With the 90’s came the realization that more frequent use of insulin doses and personalized treatment regimens based on a patient’s activity level and eating patterns can delay the onset and progression of long-term complications in individuals with Type I Diabetes. Changes are constantly being made to create a new design for the future of diabetes. With so many breakthroughs in recent history of diabetes, a cure may be right around the corner. |
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